NEW YORK (AP) — A candy bar, a wallet, even a pair of baggy pants can draw deadly police gunfire.
The killing of a hairbrush-brandishing teenager last week was the latest instance of police shootings in which officers reacted to what they erroneously feared was a weapon. It has revived criticism of deadly police shootings of unarmed suspects and the debate over the use of force, perceptions of threats and police training.
"We have cases like that all over the country where it can be a wallet, a cell phone, a can of Coca-Cola and officers have fired the weapon," said Scott Greenwood, a Cincinnati attorney who has worked on police use-of-force cases across the country and who is a general counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union.
"It does not necessarily mean it was excessive use of force," he added. "However, those types of incidents do give rise to greater suspicion on the part of the public about how police use force and they call into question the training departments are using to train officers to perceive and respond to threats."
Experts say proper training is essential if departments want to avoid such shootings. The NYPD, for example, uses computerized simulators to supplement standard target practice. The devices essentially are life-size video games that recreate real-life, violent situations.
The NYPD says that the officers who unleashed a torrent of 20 bullets on 18-year-old Khiel Coppin on Nov. 12 were justified in their use of force.
The mentally ill teenager approached officers outside his mother's home with a black object in his hand — the hairbrush — and repeatedly ignored orders to stop, police said.
The officers were responding to a 911 call in which Coppin could be heard in the background saying he had a gun. In a second 911 call, Coppin's mother told the operator her son wasn't armed; after officers arrived she cautioned them again that he didn't have a gun.
"Why did the police not heed the warnings ... that her son was unarmed?" said Paul Wooten, the family's attorney. "Why was it necessary for the overwhelming use of deadly force? Five police officers, twenty shots, eight hits. Is there no proportionality?"
Last year, New York officers fired 50 bullets at three unarmed men in a car, killing Sean Bell on his wedding day and seriously wounding his two friends. Three officers are scheduled for trial in February.
In 1999, four New York City undercover officers fired 41 shots at Amadou Diallo, striking him 19 times, when the 22-year-old man reached for his wallet while standing in an apartment building vestibule. The officers said they thought Diallo was reaching for a gun.
The 2001 Cincinnati police killing of Timothy Thomas — the 15th black resident to die at police hands since 1995 — led to the city's worst civil unrest since the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Thomas was unarmed, but was reaching to pull up his baggy pants while he was being chased.
In that case, as in other police shootings, the officer who fired said his actions were triggered by fear for his own safety.
Andre Burgess was walking down a New York street in 1997 when an undercover federal agent shot him in the thigh, saying he thought the foil-wrapped Three Musketeers candy bar in his hand was a gun.
Violent confrontations between police and crime suspects occur daily in big cities, and officers often are forced to make snap judgments on the use of force.
Early Sunday, officers in Brooklyn shot two people who they believed were dangerous. One was a suspected gunman fleeing a shooting outside a banquet hall; the other was a suspect in a stabbing who police said advanced on officers with a broken bottle.
"Just because a subject has something unidentifiable in his or her hands, that's never an automatic justification for the use of deadly force," Greenwood said.
However, "If someone is carrying around a toy pistol we don't expect the police to know it's a toy," he said.
Critics of police shootings have said racial stereotypes factor into officers' perceptions of threats. Some studies, for example, have shown that police use less force on white suspects than on nonwhite suspects. Thomas, Bell, Diallo, Burgess and Coppin were black. The bottle-wielding man fatally shot by police Sunday was white.
Critics also point to the 2001 shooting by a Secret Service agent of a man who fired a gun outside the White House. Police didn't kill the disgruntled former IRS worker, who is white; the agent shot him in the knee and wounded him.
NYPD instructors say recruits are repeatedly cautioned to be aware of their surroundings and to try to take cover and assess a situation before opening fire. But once shooting starts, officers are trained to "shoot to stop" by firing at a target's "center mass" or torso.
Despite the Bell and Coppin deaths, police officials argue that statistics show the NYPD has become more restrained: Officers fired 540 shots last year, down 13 percent from 616 in 2005. In 1996, the total was 1,292. So far this year, members of the 36,000-officer department have killed 10 people. Last year, the total was 13 people, up from nine in 2005, and in 1996 it was 30.